permafrost 永久凍土

permafrost 
繁: 永久凍土
簡: 永久冻土

這次事件或許可視為一個典型的「複合型災害」案例—也就是災害本身與氣候變化所驅動的冰川退縮、永久凍土融化及斜坡不穩定等因素產生了連鎖反應，最終導致了比單一災害更複雜、影響範圍更廣泛的後果。他認為，未來更深入理解這類連鎖性風險及其相互作用機制，將有助於大眾更準確地評估高山地區的災害風險，並切實提升未來的防災韌性與適應能力。

城大學者：氣候變化加劇高山地區脆弱性 (2026年8月28日)。大公文匯網，取自https://epaper.tkww.hk/a/202608/28/AP6a909a79e4b099d2ba4984fd.html

“We also know that mountain permafrost is degrading under a warming climate,” Mackintosh added. He described permafrost, ground that is frozen year round, as being akin to a “glue that holds the rock and sometimes adjacent glaciers … together on very steep slopes”.

What caused the catastrophic flood in Nepal and Tibet – and how does a glacier collapse? (2026, Aug 27).The Guardian.Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/aug/27/what-caused-the-catastrophic-flash-flood-in-nepal-and-tibet-and-how-does-a-glacier-collapse